Aulas de Inglês

O plural dos substantivos – The Plural of Nouns

A maioria dos substantivos forma seu plural acrescentando a letra ‘s’, igual a português. Alguns exemplos:

dog (cachorro) – dogs
cat (gato) – cats
girl (menina) – girls
hat (chapéu) – hats

Quando o substantivo termina em S, SH, CH, X, Z e O ele recebe a terminação –es. Exemplos:

glass (copo) – glasses
bench (banco) – benches
bush (arbusto) – bushes
box (caixa) – boxes
buzz (zumbido) – buzzes
potato (batata) – potatoes

Agora, quando o substantivo acabar em Y, existem duas situações. Se o Y vier depois de uma vogal, acrescenta-se somente a letra ‘s’. Exemplos:

boy (menino) – boys
day (dia) – days
key (chave) – keys

Se o Y vier depois de uma consoante, retiramos o Y e acrescentamos a terminação IES. Exemplos:

country (país) – countries
fly (mosca) – flies
strawberry (morango) – strawberries

Quando o substantivo acaba em F ou FE, usamos a terminação VES. Exemplos:

half (metade) – halves
knife (faca) – knives
leaf (folha) – leaves
wife (esposa) – wives

Existem algumas exceções:

cliff (penhasco) – cliffs
chief (chefe) – chiefs
proof (prova) – proofs
roof (telhado) – roofs

O plural em inglês também tem algumas irregularidades. Vejamos algumas bem comuns.

foot (pé) – feet
tooth (dente) – teeth
man (homem) – men
woman (mulher) – women
mouse (rato) – mice
person (pessoa) – people

E por fim, há algumas palavras que não mudam quando são usadas no plural. Exemplos:

sheep (ovelha) – sheep
deer (veado, cervo) – dee

1. They decided to build two............in the city. (church)
a. Churches
b. Church
c. Churchs

2. The man who tried to rob Jake had three.................when the police arrived.(knife)
a. Knifes
b. Knives
c. Knife

3. They suspected their...............were following them after work.(wife)
a. Wifes
b. Wife
c. Wives

4. Do you think the.............will like this Santa Claus? Are you sure? (child)
a. Childrens
b. Childs
c. Children

5. What do you hope the...............are going to do about it?(manager)
a. Managers
b. Manageres
c. Manager

6. I asked her to wash the...............right away.(dish)
a. Dishs
b. Dishes
c. Dish

7. She said: "I hate...............!" (mosquito)
a. Mosquitos
b. Mosquitoes
c. Mosquitous

8. I don't like the noise................make. (cell phone)
a. Cell phones
b. Cell phone
c. Cells phone

9. Why don't you drop by the supermarket and buy some....................? (apple)
a. Apples
b. Apple
c. Applees

10. There are a lot of..................in São Paulo.(disco)
a. Discoes
b. Discos
c. Disco

APOSTILA DE INGLÊS INSTRUMENTAL E CONTEÚDO GRAMATIACAL

TURMA: 3º ANO

Material Organizado pela professora:

Elionete Rodrigues Barbosa

It's never as easy as getting lost when judges know the path. "(Chinese proverb)

Nunca é tão fácil perder-se como quando se julga conhecer o caminho. "(Provérbio chinês)

QUIXADÁ (CE)

2011

EXPRESSÕES INTERROGATIVAS

How old... (Quantos anos)
- É usado para perguntar a idade
Ex.: How old are you?

How much... (Quanto)
- É usado para perguntar a quantidade em geral de coisas incontáveis e preço.
Ex.: How much time?

How many... (Quantos)
- É usado para perguntar a quantidade em geral de coisas contáveis.
Ex.: How many blouses?

Who... (Quem)
- É usado para perguntar sobre alguma pessoa.
Ex.: Who wants a paper? / Who is that woman?

- Com o pronome sujeito who, a pergunta é direta. Dispensamos o emprego do auxiliar do (do, does, did)

What... (O que?)
- O que, qual, usado também para perguntar profissão ou cargo.
- What não denota escolha, podendo ser uma pergunta de sentido amplo.
Ex.: What is the problem? / What is he?

Where... (Aonde?)
- É usado para perguntar sobre lugares.
Ex.: Where do you study?

Why... (Porque)
- Usamos a palavra why em perguntas e a palavra because em respostas.
Ex.: Why are you sad?
Because my mother went to live in another city.

How often... (Quantas vezes, Com que frequência)
Ex.: How often do you go to the movies? (Com que frequência você vai ao cinema?)

Which... (Qual?)
- O pronome wich denota escolha, usado para perguntas de sentido restrito.
Ex.: I have two cars. Which do you prefer?

How long... (Quanto mede?)
Ex.: How long is the table? It's 5 feet long.

How far...(Quanta distância?)
Ex.: How far is the town? It's 2 miles from here.

How wide... (Qual o tamanho?)
Ex.: How wide is the land? It's 30 yards wide.

How tall... (Qual a altura?)
Ex.: How tall is the building? It's 150 feet tall

How thich... (Qual a largura?)
Ex.: How thick is the wall? It's 1 inches thick.

Where from...(refere-se à origem das pessoas e das coisas.)
Ex.: Where are they from?

When...(refere-se á época em que as coisas acontecem)
Ex.: When is your birthday?

What color...(refere-se à cor das coisas)
Ex.: What color is that car?

What time...(refere-se às horas - relógio)
Ex.: What time is your lesson?

What about...(expressão usada, depois de dar uma informação, para perguntar a mesma coisa sobre outra pessoa ou objeto)
Ex.: My car is old. What about your car?

Note:

Weights (Peso / Kg)
- Para se perguntar o peso de coisas, animais ou pessoas.
Ex.: How much does it weigh? (Quanto isto pesa?) It weighs 3 ounces.

Questions

01. “___________ car is this?”
“it belongs to Evans.”

a) who
b) which
c) what
d) whose
e) whom


02. ___________ of them gave up studying?

a) Who
b) Whom
c) Which
d) Whose
e) What


03. “________ is your brother like?”
“He is tall and slim.”

a) How
b) Who
c) Whom
d) What
e) Why


04. I just want to know this : how ______ do you go to the bank?

a) much
b) many
c) long
d) far
e) often


05. “__________ such a silly remark?" – “I did.”

a) Who did you make
b) Who makes
c) Who did
d) Who made
e) Who did made


06. Someone knocks at the door. On the inside you say:

a) Who is it?
b) Who is he?
c) Who is?
d) Who is she?
e) Who are?


07. _______ did you cry?
_______ told you I was crying?
It doesn't matter. Let's have some juice. _______ fruit do you like best?

a) Why / Who / Which
b) Who / What / Why
c) When / Which / What
d) Where / When / Who
e) What / Whom / When


08. _____ is Mr. Brown? Is he a teacher?

a) What
b) Whom
c) Which
d) Whose
e) Where


09. (FATEC) ______ do you treat your younger brother like that?

a) Why
b) Who
c) Whom
d) What
e) Whose


10. (UNIP) _______ pencil is this, Mario's or Pedro's?

a) Who
b) When
c) Whose
d) How
e) Where

Exercice 2

1. ___ is your name?
What
Where
When
Who

2. ___ is your favourite actress?
What
Why
When
Who

3. ___ are you from?
What
Where
When
Who

4. ___ is your birthday?
Whose
Where
When
Who

5. ___ colour is your new car?
What
How
Where
Whose

6. ___ old are you?
What
How
Which
Whose

7. ___ books are these?
Why
How
Where
Whose

8. ___ did you quit your job?
Who
Which
Why
Whose

9. ___ are you going to America?
Who
What
When
Which

10. ___ aren't you going to Peter's party?
What
How
Where
Why

PRONOMES REFLEXIVOS

PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS

a) Os pronomes adjetivos my, thy, his, her, its, our, your, their e os pronomes substantivos mine, thine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs correspondem aos pronomes pessoais:

PRONOMES PESSOAIS	PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS
I , eu thou , tu he , ele she , ela it , ele, ela we , nós you , vós they , eles, elas	my, mine , meu, minha, meus, minhas thy, thine , teu, tua, teus, tuas his, his , seu, sua, seus, suas (dele) her, hers , seu sua, seus, suas (dela) its, its , seu, sua, seus, suas (dele, dela) our, ours , nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas your, yours , vosso, vossa, vossos, vossas their, theirs , seu, sua, seus, suas (dles, delas)

b) Os pronomes adjetivos my, thy, etc. antecedem o substantivo:

Where is my pencil? - Onde está meu lápis?
Our books are open. - Nossos livros estão abertos.

PRONOMES REFLEXIVOS

a) Pronomes compostos de SELF, SELVES

Singular	Plural
Myself Thyself Himself Herself Itself	ourselves yourselves themselves

b) Os compostos de self, selves podem ser empregados:

I - Como pronomes reflexivos: He hurt himself, ele se feriu.

II - Como pronomes enfáticos: He read the letter himself, ele próprio fez a caixa.

OBSERVAÇÕES: 1ª) Se a pessoa que fala dá a si mesma o tratamento de primeira pessoa do plural, usa ourself e não ourselves. 2ª) Quando se fala a uma só pessoa, usa-se yourself e não ourselves. 3ª) O pronome enfático pode ser empregado após um verbo intransitivo: They went themselves.

c) O pronome reflexivo correspondente ao pronome indefinido one, a gente, é oneself: to hurt oneself, ferir-se.

Questions:

01. It’s too hot in here. Let’s refresh _________ with a drink of cold water.

a) myself
b) yourself
c) yourselves
d) ourselves
e) themselves

02. Peter’s wife said: “My husband wants me to sell my bicycle, but he won’t sell __________”.

a hers
b) his
c) yours
d) its
e) theirs

03. Put into English : “Ele mesmo consertou seu portão”.

a) He fixed his gate itself by himself.
b) He himself fixed his gate.
c) He fixed his gate itself.
d) He fixed his gate by itself.
e) He fixed himself his gate.

04. (ITA) As I was sure that I couldn't ask anybody for help, I wrote the letter by __________.

a) me
b) myself
c) himself
d) itself
e) themselves

05. Where did you, Robert, hurt ________________?

a) himself
b) hers
c) yourselves
d) his
e) yourself

06. John and Mary are my best friends, and I often go to movies with _________.

a) their
b) her
c) yhim
d) them
e) they


07. Put into English: Um dos amigos dele está no exterior.

a) A friend of himself is abroad.
b) A friend of him is abroad.
c) One of her friends is abroad.
d) A friend of his is abroad.
e) One of his friend is abroad.


08. Put into English: Ela mesma resolveu o problema.

a) She solved the problem itself by herself..
b) She herself solved the problem.
c) She solved the problem itself.
d) She solved the problem by itself.
e) She solved herself the problem.


09. (MACKENZIE) My wife was so hungry that she ate all _______ sandwich and ______ too.

a) herself / my
b) her / myself
c) her / mine
d) hers / mine
e) her / my

TEXT 1

Leiam o texto abaixo e em seguida respondam as perguntas. / Read the text below and answer the questions.

Christmas is both a sacred religious holiday and a worldwide cultural and commercial phenomenon. For two millennia, people around the world have been observing it with traditions and practices that are both religious and secular in nature. Christians celebrate Christmas Day as the anniversary of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, a spiritual leader whose teachings form the basis of their religion. Popular customs include exchanging gifts, decorating Christmas trees, attending church, sharing meals with family and friends and, of course, waiting for Santa Claus to arrive. December 25--Christmas Day--has been a federal holiday in the United States since 1980.

1. What is the definition of Christmas according to the text? (Qual é a definição do Natal de acordo com o texto?)
.........................................................................................

2. When did Christmas start? (Quando começou o Natal?)
........................................................................................

3. Who is Jesus of Nazareth?(Quem é Jesus de Nazaré?)

.........................................................................................

4. What do popular customs include? (Que costumes populares incluem?)
.........................................................................................

5- Mark True (T) or False (F).

a. Christmas is a only commercial phenomenon. (.....)
b. Waiting for Santa Claus to arrive is a part of Christmas celebrations. (.....)
c. Chistmas day is on December 25th. (.....)
d. Jesus of Nazareth was a spiritual leader. (.....)

Translate the words below into Portuguese. (Traduzam as palavras abaixo para o português)

1. Worldwide:..................
2. Birth:..........................
3. Sharing:......................
4. Gifts:..........................

Como se diz "feliz natal" em inglês?
...............................................................................................

TEXT 2

AIR POLLUTION

One of the formal definitions of air pollution is as follows – ‘The presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be injurious, to human health or welfare, animal or plant life.’ It is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances. Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere, which is leading to climate change.

Modernization and progress have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years. Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and mines.

Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of which are within human control. Dust storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact of pollution may be felt elsewhere. The discovery of pesticides in Antarctica, where they have never been used, suggests the extent to which aerial transport can carry pollutants from one place to another. Probably the most important natural source of air pollution is volcanic activity, which at times pours great amounts of ash and toxic fumes into the atmosphere.

Listed below are the major air pollutants and their sources.

Carbon monoxide (CO)is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood. It is also produced from the combustion of natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes. It lowers the amount of oxygen that enters our blood . It can slow our reflexes and make us confused and sleepy.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.

Questions:

01. De acordo com o contexto, indique o significado que mais apropriado para a palavra destacada a seguir:

Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property.

a. ( ) Beneficiar

b. ( ) Contribuir

c. ( ) Prejudicar

d. ( ) Melhorar

e. ( ) Preservar

02- Segundo o texto, Qual das situações abaixo foi citada no texto sobre o monóxido de carbono?

a. ( ) Afeta o sistema nervoso

b. ( ) Prejudica o sistema respiratório

c. ( ) Provoca câncer

d. ( ) Desregula o sistema hormonal

e. ( ) Diminui a quantidade de oxigênio do sangue

03- Segundo o contexto, a melhor interpretação para “Carbon dioxide” é:

a. ( ) Gás natural

b. ( ) Fumaça proveniente de queimadas

c. ( ) Poluição industrial

d. ( ) Gás carbônico

e. ( ) Gás emitido por veículos automotores

TEXT 3

Global Warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes, "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations," which leads to warming of the surface and lower atmosphere by increasing the greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes have probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950, but a cooling effect since 1950. The basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least 30 scientific societies and academies of science, including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists is the only scientific society that rejects these conclusions, and a few individual scientists also disagree with parts of them.

Remaining scientific uncertainties include the exact degree of climate change expected in the future, and how changes will vary from region to region around the globe. There is ongoing political and public debate regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected consequences. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at combating greenhouse gas emissions.

04- De acordo com o contexto, indique o significado que mais apropriado para a palavra destacada na frase a seguir:

A few individual scientists also disagree with parts of them.

a. ( ) Debatem

b. ( ) Rejeitam

c. ( ) Discordam

d. ( ) Definem

e. ( ) Discutem

05 - Leia as afirmações abaixo e assinale a alternativa correta:

I- Toda a comunidade cientifica concorda com o relatório apresentado.

II- Pelo menos 30 comunidades científicas chegaram a essas conclusões.

III- Todos os chefes de estado assinaram o acordo, para reduzir os efeitos do aquecimento global.

IV- As variações de temperatura de região para região no futuro ainda é uma incerteza.

a. ( ) Somente II está correta.

b. ( ) II e IV estão corretas.

c. ( ) III e IV estão corretas.

d. ( ) I e III estão corretas

e. ( ) Todas estão corretas.

TEXT 4

Brazil may not have won the world cup but the Latin American country’s story of success is an “Economic World Cup Winner” according to CNN International.
Looking at the performance of the final 8 countries who made it through the group stages of the South Africa World Cup, CNN’s Quest Means Business prime time programme was keen to find out more about booming Brazil, one of the hot favourites predicted to win the title.
Seeking expert advice, CNN International visited the central London offices of Experience International where resident expert, Dale Anderson, himself an investor in Brazil, talked passionately about why Brazil is such an attractive investment.
Dale explained to viewers why Brazil provides investors a strong opportunity due to its strong economic growth, high volume of foreign direct investment, an abundance of natural resources, no restrictions on foreign ownership, freehold titles available and a clear and simple buying process. In addition the quick increase of the Brazilian middle-class with access to mortgages provides a great exit strategy for the future.
The World Cup Effect
Dale also remarked on how the World Cup, which was watched by millions of people around the world, has enabled South Africa to shine in a very positive light and now everyone will be looking to the next host nation – Brazil. He stated,
“The effect of the 2014 World Cup on Brazil will be significant with over 600,000 visitors expected, boosting GDP by nearly $30 million.”
Around $310 million has already been invested into the host cities which include Fortaleza, Recife and Natal in the up and coming north east according to the Ministry of Tourism for Brazil. The value of Land for sale in Brazil in this region are forecast to increase by up to twenty percent in the run up to the World Cup as demand for quality accommodation rises.[Greatonlinearticles.com]

Respondam as perguntas abaixo.

1. Qual a melhor tradução para "Talked passionately about why Brazil is such an attractive investment"?
................................................................................................
2.Retire do texto:
1.Um verbo:.......................
2.Um adjetivo:...................
3.Um substantivo:................

3.A melhor tradução para "prime time programme" é:
1.Programa de auditório.
2.Program de horário nobre.
3.Programa semanal

APOSTILA DE INGLÊS INSTRUMENTAL E CONTEÚDO GRAMATIACAL

TURMA: 2º ANO

Material Organizado pela professora:

Elionete Rodrigues Barbosa

It's never as easy as getting lost when judges know the path. "(Chinese proverb)

Nunca é tão fácil perder-se como quando se julga conhecer o caminho. "(Provérbio chinês)

QUIXADÁ (CE)

2011

Pronomes Indefinidos (Indefinite Pronouns)

Esses pronomes são utilizados para falar de pessoas, objetos ou lugares indefinidos. Referem a pessoas ou coisas, de modo vago ou impreciso.

São eles:

SOME (Algum, alguma, alguns, algumas).

É utilizado em frases afirmativas, antes de um substantivo.

Ex.:

a) There are some books (substantivo) on the table/ Existem alguns livros (substantivo) sobre a mesa.

b) There is some sugar (substantivo) in this cup/ Há um pouco de açúcar (substantivo) neste copo.

NOTE:

1) Quando oferecemos alguma coisa, utiliza-se geralmente o pronome some.

Ex.:

a) Would you like some beer (substantivo)? / Quer um pouco de cerveja (substantivo)?

b) Would you like some strawberries (substantivo)? / Gostaria de alguns morangos (substantivo)?

2) Quando pedimos alguma coisa.

Ex.:

a) Could you give me some money, please? / Poderia dar-me algum dinheiro, por favor?

Compounds forms:

SOMEBODY / SOMEONE = Alguém

Ex.:

They know somebody (someone) there. (Eles conhecem alguém lá.)

SOMEWAY / SOMEHOW = De alguma forma.

Ex.:

I’ll forget her someway (somehow). (Eu a esquecerei de alguma forma.)

SOMEWHERE = Em algum lugar.

SOMETHING = Alguma coisa.

Ex.:

We need to do something. (Nós precisamos fazer alguma coisa.)

SOMETIME = Alguma vez.

ANY (Algum, Nenhum, Qualquer)

É utilizado em sentenças negativas, antes de um substantivo.

Ex.:

a) There aren´t any towels here/ Não há nenhuma casa aqui.

b) There isn´t any cream in your cup/ Não há nenhum tipo de creme em seu copo.

NOTE:

Em sentenças interrogativas utiliza-se some ou any.

Ex.:

a) Are there any (or some) boys in the classroom? / Há algum (ou alguns) menino na sala de aula?

b) Is there any (or some) coffee in the cup? / Existe algum café (ou alguns) no copo?

Caso especial:

O pronome indefinido any será utilizado quando o verbo estiver na forma afirmativa e a sentença contiver uma palavra de sentido negativo.

Ex.:

a) I never had anything to talk to him/ Eu nunca tive nada para falar com ele

b) I never met anybody/ anyone called by this name/ Eu nunca encontrei ninguém / alguém chamado por esse nome

Compounds forms:

ANYBODY / ANYONE = Alguém, ninguém, qualquer um

Ex.:

Do you know anybody in Portugal? (Você conhece alguém em Portugal?)

ANYWAY /ANYHOW = Algum modo, nenhum modo, qualquer modo

ANYWHERE = Algum lugar, nenhum lugar, qualquer lugar

ANYTHING = Alguma coisa, nenhuma coisa, qualquer coisa

Ex.:

Did you do anything yesterday?(Você fez alguma coisa ontem?)

EVERY (todo, toda)

Compounds forms:

EVERYBODY / EVERYONE =Todos, todo mundo

Note:

O pronome everybody concorda com o verbo no singular.

Ex.:

Everybody is there today.(Todos estão lá hoje.)

EVERYWHERE =Todos os lugares.

Ex:

There are flags everywhere.(Há bandeiras em todos os lugares.)

EVERYTHING =Tudo.

Ex.:

Everything changed there.(Tudo mudou lá.)

NO (nenhum, nenhuma)

Deve ser usado sempre seguido de substantivo.

Quando o verbo está na forma afirmativa, mas a idéia é negativa.

Ex.:

a) There are no towels here/ Não há toalhas aqui.

b) There is no cream in your cup/ Não há nenhum creme em seu copo.

Compounds forms:

NOBODY / NO ONE =Ninguém.

Ex:

Nobody called me yesterday.(Ninguém me ligou ontem.)

NO WAY =De modo algum

NOWHERE = Em lugar algum

NOTHING = Nada

Ex.:

Nothing changed there.(Nada mudou lá.)

NONE = nenhum, nenhuma,ninguém ou nada

Utilizado no início ou no fim da frase. Este pronome é utilizado quando o verbo está na forma afirmativa, mas a idéia é negativa.

Preste atenção, porque none é usado no lugar de um pronome ou de um substantivo.

Ex.:

How much money is there in the safe? – None/ Quanto dinheiro há no cofre? - Nenhum.

None of them is my friend.(Nenhum deles é meu amigo.)

She has much money, but I have none.(Ela tem muito dinheiro, mas eu não tenho nenhum.)

NOTE:

Esta expressão none of= nenhum de, pode ser usada em três situações:

a) quando for seguida de pronomes objetos.

Ex:

None of yours came here yesterday/ Nenhum de vocês veio aqui ontem.

b) quando vier seguido de ( the + nome no plural).

Ex:

I don’t see none of the girls there/ Eu não vejo nenhuma das meninas lá.

c) com adjetivos possessivos + substantivo no plural.

Ex:

None of our friends went to the beach/ Nenhum dos nossos amigos foram para a praia.

ALL ( tudo, todos, todas).

ANOTHER (um outro, uma outra).

BOTH ( ambos, os dois, ambas, às duas, um e outro).

EACH ( cada um, cada qual).

EITHER ( um ou outro, uma outra,qualquer deles).

FEW (poucos)

É usado para indicar um pequeno número de coisas (alguns, algumas).

LITTLE (pouco, pouca quantidade).

MANY (muitos, muitas)

É usado para indicar um grande número de coisas.

MUCH (muito, muita)

É usado para indicar uma grande quantidade de coisas que não podem ser contadas ou enumeradas.

ONE - (um, tal) Plural=ones

Indica pessoa ou coisa especificada por um adjetivo.

Pode tomar o artigo definido “the?